How to Read a Peptide Certificate of Analysis
What HPLC purity, mass spec identity and net peptide content mean on a peptide certificate of analysis, what 99% leaves out, and how to spot a recycled report.
24 October 2026 · 9 min read
Blog
What the research says, what UK law says, and how to read a lab report. 40 articles, every claim linked to its source.
Peptides in the UK
Peptides in the UK: How Research Peptides Are Regulated and Sold
Human Medicines Regulations 2012, how the MHRA decides if a peptide is a medicine, what research-use-only means in law, and the 2025-26 enforcement record.
24 October 2026 · 9 min read
What Are Peptides? A Plain Guide to the Research Peptides UK Labs Buy
Peptides explained: amino acid chains, how they have been made since Merrifield's 1963 method, why they are freeze-dried and how they are stored.
24 October 2026 · 9 min read
By product
Retatrutide
- Retatrutide in the UK: Unlicensed Status, MHRA Action and the Road to ApprovalWhere retatrutide stands with the MHRA and NICE as of October 2026, what the regulator has seized and said, what a UK licence needs, and when one could come.24 October 2026 · 9 min read
- Retatrutide Trial Results: Phase 2 to the TRIUMPH Phase 3 ReadoutsWhat the 2023 phase 2 trial and the TRIUMPH phase 3 programme found for retatrutide: weight change by dose, side effects, and what was reported by October 2026.24 October 2026 · 9 min read
- Retatrutide vs Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide: How the Trial Data CompareOne, two or three receptors: what GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon agonism means, and how the STEP, SURMOUNT and TRIUMPH trial results for the three drugs line up.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
GHK-Cu
- GHK-Cu and Collagen: What the Skin Studies Actually MeasuredThe wound models, fibroblast assays and 12-week cosmetic trials behind GHK-Cu skin claims, with the figures each one reported and where marketing goes further.24 October 2026 · 7 min read
- GHK-Cu Research History: From 1973 Plasma Discovery to Gene DataHow GHK-Cu was found in human plasma in 1973, what the Connectivity Map gene studies measured, and which claims the record supports. Sources linked.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- GHK-Cu Stability and Storage: Why the Copper Peptide Is BlueWhy GHK-Cu powder and solutions are blue, how tightly the copper is held, what the stability data say, and what the bacteriostatic water label states.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
BPC-157
- BPC-157 Legal Status: WADA, the FDA and the UK Position in 2026Where BPC-157 stands with WADA, the US FDA and the UK MHRA as of October 2026: prohibited in sport, unapproved as a medicine, and sold for research only.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- BPC-157 Research: What the Animal Studies Show and What Is Still MissingWhat the BPC-157 studies from Zagreb found in rat tendon, ligament and gut models, who ran them, and why controlled human trial data is still almost absent.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- BPC-157 Stability: Why It Is Called the Stable Gastric PentadecapeptideWhy BPC-157 is described as stable in gastric juice, what the oral and injected animal studies found, its half-life, and how the freeze-dried peptide is stored.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin
- CJC-1295 With DAC vs Without DAC: What the Drug Affinity Complex ChangesHow the drug affinity complex on CJC-1295 works, the 5.8 to 8.1 day half-life Teichman reported in JCEM in 2006, and how Mod GRF 1-29 differs in the lab.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- Ipamorelin and CJC-1295: The Research Record From Novo Nordisk to the FDA VotesWhere ipamorelin and CJC-1295 came from, what Raun's 1998 paper, Helsinn's ileus trials and ConjuChem's halted 2006 study found, and their FDA status in 2026.24 October 2026 · 9 min read
Bacteriostatic Water
- Bacteriostatic Water: What 0.9% Benzyl Alcohol Does and Does Not DoWhat the 0.9% benzyl alcohol in bacteriostatic water does, where the 28-day multi-dose rule comes from, the 1982 gasping syndrome cases, and when not to use it.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- How Long Does Bacteriostatic Water Last Once Opened?The 28-day rule for an opened vial of bacteriostatic water, what USP <797>, the CDC and the WHO say, storage temperature, and the signs a vial should be binned.24 October 2026 · 7 min read
Melanotan 2
- Melanotan 2 History: From the University of Arizona to Scenesse and VyleesiHow Hadley and Hruby's alpha-MSH analogues became Melanotan 1 and 2, the melanocortin receptor science behind them, and the two licensed drugs that followed.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- Melanotan 2 in the UK: MHRA Warnings, Legal Status and Reported Side EffectsWhat the MHRA has said about Melanotan 2 nasal sprays and injections, where UK law draws the line, and what the medical case reports describe. Sources linked.24 October 2026 · 7 min read
TB-500
- TB-500 in Sport and Horse Racing: Doping Cases, WADA Status and the EvidenceHow TB-500 moved from racing stables to the WADA list: the Hong Kong test, the Essendon case, what was really in the vials, and what the research measured.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- TB-500 vs Thymosin Beta-4: What the Research Does and Does Not ShowHow TB-500 differs from the full thymosin beta-4 protein, what the LKKTETQ fragment was shown to do in the lab, and which trial results apply to it.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
Semax
- Semax and BDNF: What the Nootropic Studies Measured and How Strong They AreWhat the rat BDNF experiments and the human EEG and attention studies on Semax measured, with the actual numbers, and an honest grading of the evidence.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- Semax History: From ACTH Fragment in Moscow to Unlicensed in the UKHow Semax was designed from ACTH(4-7) in Moscow, what the Russian stroke and optic nerve trials reported, and why it holds no licence in the UK, EU or US.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
MOTS-C
- MOTS-c Explained: The Peptide Hidden in Mitochondrial DNAHow Lee and Cohen found MOTS-c inside the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene in 2015, the AMPK mechanism, and what the 2021 Nature Communications mouse study showed.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- MOTS-c in Humans: The K14Q Variant, Japanese Longevity and the CB4211 TrialWhat is known about MOTS-c in people: the m.1382A>C variant, Japanese longevity data, blood levels in diabetes, CohBar's CB4211 trial and the 2026 FDA review.24 October 2026 · 9 min read
NAD+
- NAD+ Precursors vs NAD+ Itself: NMN, NR and the IV Infusion EvidenceWhat the NMN and NR trials showed, what the FDA ruled on NMN in 2022 and 2025, and the one published study of NAD+ given by intravenous drip. Sources linked.24 October 2026 · 7 min read
- Why NAD+ Falls With Age: CD38, PARP and What Human Tissue ShowsWhat the Camacho-Pereira 2016 and Massudi 2012 studies found about falling NAD+ with age, the enzymes that consume it, and what is measured in human tissue.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
Selank
- How Selank Is Thought to Work: Enkephalins, GABA and IL-6The enkephalinase, GABA receptor, BDNF and interleukin-6 findings behind Selank, what each experiment measured, and which claims remain unproven in 2026.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- Selank Trials: A Tuftsin Analogue Tested Against BenzodiazepinesHow Selank was built from tuftsin, what the Russian generalised anxiety trials against medazepam and phenazepam measured, and why it is unlicensed in the UK.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
GLOW
- GLOW Blend Vials Explained: Co-Lyophilisation, Lab Reports and StorageHow three peptides end up in one freeze-dried vial, how a certificate of analysis reports each one, and what the stability literature says about storage.24 October 2026 · 7 min read
- GLOW Peptide Blend: Why BPC-157, TB-500 and GHK-Cu Are Studied TogetherWhat the wound-model research on BPC-157, thymosin beta-4 and GHK-Cu shows, whether the three have been tested as a combination, and where the evidence stops.24 October 2026 · 7 min read
KLOW
- KLOW Peptide: What KPV Adds to a Repair BlendKPV is the three-amino-acid tail of alpha-MSH. What the colitis and cell studies show about it, and why an anti-inflammatory peptide sits inside the KLOW blend.24 October 2026 · 7 min read
- KLOW vs GLOW: The Difference Between the Two Peptide Blends ExplainedGLOW is BPC-157, TB-500 and GHK-Cu in a 70mg vial; KLOW adds KPV to make 80mg. What the 10mg difference is and which research question suits each blend.24 October 2026 · 7 min read
Glutathione
- Glutathione Bioavailability: What Oral, Liposomal and IV Studies FoundThe human studies on oral, liposomal and intravenous glutathione from Witschi 1992 to Richie 2015, the skin-lightening claims, and the FDA warnings on IV drips.24 October 2026 · 9 min read
- Glutathione in the Cell: The GSH/GSSG Ratio and Why Researchers Measure ItHow glutathione works inside a cell: the GSH/GSSG redox couple, glutathione peroxidase, why it is the main intracellular antioxidant and how labs measure it.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
DSIP
- DSIP Beyond Sleep: The Stress, Cortisol, Pain and Withdrawal StudiesWhat the DSIP studies on ACTH and cortisol, emotional stress, chronic pain and alcohol or opiate withdrawal found, and why the peptide was never taken further.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- DSIP Discovery: How a Sleep Peptide Was Found in Rabbit Blood in 1977How Schoenenberger and Monnier isolated delta sleep-inducing peptide from rabbit cerebral blood in 1977, the nine-residue sequence, and what later trials found.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
IGF-1 LR3
- What Does Long R3 Mean in IGF-1 LR3? The Structure Behind the NameWhy IGF-1 LR3 has 83 amino acids rather than 70, what the Arg3 swap and 13-residue extension do to binding protein affinity, and who designed it in Adelaide.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
- Why Cell Culture Labs Use IGF-1 LR3 Instead of Insulin in Serum-Free MediaHow IGF-1 LR3 replaced insulin and serum in CHO and HEK293 culture, what Morris and Schmid found at Immunex in 2000, and why WADA lists IGF-1 analogues.24 October 2026 · 8 min read
KPV
- KPV and Gut Inflammation: What the Colitis Studies FoundThe research behind KPV in the gut: the alpha-MSH tail, the PepT1 transporter in inflamed colon, the 2008 colitis studies and the nanoparticle work since.24 October 2026 · 7 min read
- KPV as an Anti-Inflammatory Peptide: How It Is Thought to WorkThe mechanism research on KPV: NF-kappaB in macrophages, why it bypasses melanocortin receptors, the skin and wound studies, and hydrogel and oral delivery.24 October 2026 · 8 min read